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Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
The term Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture,〔Michael Huxley: "The Geographical magazine", Vol. 34, Geographical Press, 1961, p. 339〕 Norman-Sicilian culture〔Gordon S. Brown: "The Norman conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily", McFarland, 2003, ISBN 0786414723, p. 199〕 or, less inclusive, Norman-Arab culture,〔Moses I. Finley: "A History of Sicily", Chatto & Windus, 1986, ISBN 0701131551, pp. 54, 61〕 (sometimes referred to as "Norman-Arab civilization")〔"In Sicily the feudal government, fastened on a country previously turbulent and backward, enabled an Arab-Norman civilization to flourish." 〕〔''Dossiers d'Archéologie'', 1997: "It is legitimate to speak about an Arab-Norman civilization until the 13th century" (Original French: "on est fondé à parler d'une civilisation arabo-normande jusqu'au XIIIeme siècle" ()〕〔Abdallah Schleifer: "the monuments of a great Arab-Norman civilization" ()〕 refers to the interaction of the Norman, Arab and Byzantine cultures following the Norman conquest of Sicily from 1061 to around 1250. This civilization resulted from numerous exchanges in the cultural and scientific fields, based on the tolerance showed by the Normans towards the Greek-speaking population〔Lynn White, Jr.: "The Byzantinization of Sicily", ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 42, No. 1 (1936), pp. 1-21〕 and the Muslim settlers. As a result, Sicily under the Normans became a crossroad for the interaction between the Norman-Catholic, Byzantine-Orthodox and Arab-Islamic cultures.
==Norman conquest of Southern Italy==
(詳細はIslamic conquest of Sicily in 965, the Normans conquered the island on the Saracens starting in 1060. The Normans had been expanding south, driven by the myth of a happy and sunny island in the Southern Seas.〔''Les Normands en Sicile'', p. 123.〕 The Norman Robert Guiscard ("the cunning"), son of Tancred, invaded Sicily in 1060. The island was split between three Arab emirs, and the sizable Christian population rebelled against the ruling Muslims. One year later Messina fell under the leadership of Roger I of Sicily, and in 1071, Palermo was taken by the Normans. The loss of the cities, each with a splendid harbor, dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island. Eventually all of Sicily was taken. In 1091, Noto in the southern tip of Sicily and the island of Malta, the last Arab strongholds, fell to the Christians.
By the 11th century Muslim power in the Mediterranean had begun to wane.〔Previté-Orton (1971), pp. 507-511.〕 Under Norman rule, Palermo confirmed its role of one of the great capitals of the Mediterranean and Europe.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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